
Moral Maxims: Self-love disguises every human vice as virtue
Human virtues are almost always merely vices in disguise. Kindness, bravery, and humility rarely stem from pure benevolence; instead, self-love directs choices toward personal gratification, reputation, or safety. Pity serves as a clever foresight of our own potential misfortunes, while gratitude acts as a secret desire to receive greater benefits later. Strip away social vanity, and apparent altruism reveals itself as calculated self-interest.

