
Higher Learning Evolved from Ancient Sacred and Classical Foundations
Ancient academies in Athens, Alexandria, and Rome laid the groundwork for European intellectual life before monastic orders like the Benedictines preserved classical manuscripts. By the twelfth century, voluntary student-teacher guilds birthed major universities in Bologna, Paris, and Oxford to advance theology, law, and medicine. The Renaissance and Reformation later displaced rigid medieval scholasticism with classical humanism, linking scholarly inquiry directly to spiritual and moral renewal across Europe.
INTRODUCTION. → II. THE PLANTING OF COLLEGES IN THE NEW WORLD.

